skbuffer - Linux network buffers


November 8th, 2005 by paolo

Author: Paolo Ardoino

skbuff are buffers used by Linux network layers ; its structure is defined in <linux/skbuff.h> .
skbuffs are linked lists as we can easily see :

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        /* These two members must be first . */
        struct sk_buff          *next; // Next buffer in list
        struct sk_buff          *prev; // Previous buffer in list

Follows the description of all fields of the structure taken from the header file:

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PHP Google pagerank chart generator


November 3rd, 2005 by paolo

Author: Paolo Ardoino
PageRank relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page’s value. In essence, Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. But, Google looks at more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves “important” weigh more heavily and help to make other pages “important”. by Google

PR(A) = (1 – d) + d (PR(T1) / C(T1) + … + PR(Tn) / C(Tn))

PR(A): Pagerank of a page A

d = 0.85

PR(Ti): Pagerank of page Ti which links to A

C(Ti): number of outbound links on page Ti, which has given the link Average Links per Page = 40

PR Start For PR4 For PR5 For PR6 For PR7 For PR8
PR 1 6 2050.5 11278 62030 341163 1876389
PR 2 30 384.45 2115 11631 63968 351823
PR 3 166 69.90 384.49 2115 11631 63968
PR 4 915 12.70 69.88 384.37 2114 11627
PR 5 5033 2.31 12.70 69.88 384.36 2114
PR 6 27681 0.42 2.31 12.70 69.88 384.37
PR 7 152244 0.07 0.42 2.31 12.70 69.89
PR 8 837379 0.01 0.07 0.42 2.31 12.71
PR 9 4605367 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.42 2.31
PR 10 25329516 0.0005 0.003 0.014 0.076 0.42

The following PHP script generates a simple chart that could be usefull to know how many links are needed
to increase pagerank; it takes script taking average links per page as parameter
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